Hydrothermal reactions take place under sealed high temperature and pressure. Operating practice and liner selection directly affect safety and result reliability.
A hydrothermal reactor uses a stainless steel pressure-bearing shell, with the liner providing corrosion resistance and contamination control. Together they form the complete safety boundary.
Liner selection. PTFE liners are chemically inert over a wide temperature range and are the general-purpose choice. PPL liners tolerate higher temperatures and offer better mechanical strength, suiting higher-temperature systems. Strongly alkaline systems require particular attention to liner material compatibility.
Fill level control. Reactors must not be overfilled — headspace is essential. Excessive fill ratios generate dangerously high pressure on heating and are a leading cause of laboratory incidents.
Heating and cooling. Ramp and cool slowly per procedure, avoiding thermal shock. Confirm the vessel has fully cooled to room temperature before opening; never open under pressure.
Routine maintenance. Clean the liner after each use and inspect for deformation or scratches. Check and replace sealing components on a schedule. Keeping a usage log helps trace anomalies.
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